Major in Clinical and Translational Sciences

转化科学包括从健康和疾病的生物学基础到改善个人和人群健康的临床和公共卫生干预的每一个澳门威尼斯人网上赌场阶段. The development, 批准和实施改善人类健康的临床干预措施面临若干挑战, 并且需要转化澳门威尼斯人网上赌场，以加速基础科学发现的进程，从而发展有影响的干预措施. To facilitate this process, 临床和转化科学工作人员需要熟悉与以患者为导向的转化澳门威尼斯人网上赌场相关的具体方法, as well as training in biomedical research ethics and regulations.

临床和转化科学(CTS)专业为学生提供深入的基本技能指导, methodology, and principles of clinical and translational research. 它旨在使学生具备制定有意义的假设的能力, design and conduct interpretable experiments, analyze results critically, understand and communicate the broad significance of research findings, and uphold the highest ethical standards in research.

Students will attain these skills through in-depth instruction, formal laboratory experiences, 以及对转化科学过程和该领域新兴发展的具体持续指导.

The program will expose students to the concept of multidisciplinary research, preparing them to see team science as the expectation, 而不是例外——利用整个大学的资源和专业知识，培养学生成为临床和转化澳门威尼斯人网上赌场团队的领导者和成员. 学生将获得一系列科学学科的知识，使他们能够在多学科团队中有效地沟通和合作.

After completion of this program, students should be able to:

  • Understand the philosophy and approach of translational science
  • 了解临床和转化澳门威尼斯人网上赌场的公共卫生背景及其社会影响
  • 理解和应用临床澳门威尼斯人网上赌场方法的基本原则，涉及临床和转化澳门威尼斯人网上赌场
  • 理解和应用构成临床和转化科学基础的生物学和生理学原理
  • 描述团队科学的原则及其对临床和转化澳门威尼斯人网上赌场的意义
  • 比较基础科学和临床科学在临床澳门威尼斯人网上赌场和人口健康中的作用

Major Requirements

本专业有8门全学分的必修课(CTSC 299澳门威尼斯人网上赌场研讨会课程跨越两个学期，相当于两门课程), one 1-credit lab, and four electives. Students who complete this major will receive a bachelor of science degree that satisfies the natural science requirement of the Rochester Curriculum.

Students must have completed at least three of the following courses: PHLT 103, STAT 212, CHEM 203, BIOL 198 (or BIOL 190), BIOL 204 to be eligible to declare the CTSC major.  Students must also have a average major GPA of at least a 2.0 to be able to declare a CTSC major.

Foundational Courses

这些课程不是专业的正式组成部分，而是必修课程的先决条件:

  • BIOL 110: Principles of Biology I or BIOL 112: Perspectives in Biology I (Prerequisite: CHEM 131)
  • BIOL 111: Principles of Biology II or BIOL 113: Perspectives in Biology II (Prerequisite: BIOL 110 or BIOL 112)
  • CHEM 131: Chemical Concepts, Systems, and Practices I
  • CHEM 132: Chemical Concepts, Systems, and Practices II (Prerequisite: CHEM 131)

Core Requirements

八门课程，包括CTSC两学期的澳门威尼斯人网上赌场研讨会和一门1学分的实验;

  • PHLT 103: Concepts of Epidemiology
  • STAT 212: Applied Statistics I (valid until spring 2024) or STAT 180: Introduction to Applied Statistical Methodology (valid beginning fall 2024)
  • PHIL 225: Medical Ethics or PHIL 228: Public Health Ethics (instructor permission required)
  • CHEM 203: Organic Chemistry I or CHEM 171: First-Year Organic Chemistry I*
  • CHEM 207: Organic Chemistry I: Lab (1 credit) or First-Year Organic Chemistry Lab I (1 credit)*
  • BIOL 198: Principles of Genetics or BIO 190: Genetics and the Human Genome*
  • BIOL 204: Principles of Human Physiology*
  • CTSC 299W:转化科学澳门威尼斯人网上赌场研讨会(仅限CTS大三或大四学生)*
  • ctsc299:转化科学澳门威尼斯人网上赌场研讨会(仅限CTS大三或大四学生)*

*需要基础课程或其他核心必修课程的先决条件.

Electives

Students must take four of the following, 其中三门必须来自生物医学科学和临床澳门威尼斯人网上赌场方法(至少有一门课程要求来自临床澳门威尼斯人网上赌场方法)，一门必须来自人口科学.

Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Research Methods (Three Courses)

Clinical research methods (at least one from this group):

  • STAT 276: Statistical Computing in R or BIOL 208: Intro to Programming for BIO (Prerequisite: STAT 211, 212, 213 or equivalent; or BIOL 190 or BIOL 198 conc.)
  • DSCC 201: Tools for Data Science or BIOL 253: Computational Biology (H) (Prerequisite: CSC 161 or CSC 171 or BIOL 208)
  • DSCC 210: Digital Imaging: Transforming Real into Virtual
  • PM 415U: Principles of Epidemiology (Prerequisite: PHLT 103)
  • PM 488 (H): Experimental Therapeutics (CTS juniors or seniors only)
  • BST 465: Design of Clinical Trials (Prerequisite: BST 463 or equivalent)

Biomedical sciences:

  • CHEM 204: Organic Chemistry II or CHEM 172: First-Year Organic Chemistry II (Prerequisites: CHEM 203, 207)*
  • BIOL 202: Molecular Biology (Prerequisites: BIOL 198 or BIOL 190 and BIOL 250)
  • BIOL 210: Cell Biology (Prerequisites: BIOL 110 or BIOL 111, BIOL 112 or BIOL 113)
  • BIOL 222: Biology of Aging (Prerequisite: BIOL 198)
  • BIOL 226: Developmental Biology (Prerequisite: BIOL 198)
  • BIOL 250 (H): Introduction to Biochemistry (Prerequisites: BIOL 110 or BIOL 112, BIOL 190 or BIOL 198, CHEM 203, CHEM 204 conc.)
  • MBI 220:微生物学导论(先决条件:BIOL 110, BIOL 111, BIOL 198, CHEM 203)
  • MBI 221W: Microbiology Lab (Prerequisites: BIOL 110, BIOL 111, BIOL 198, CHEM 203)

*Pre-health students should take this course as their biomedical sciences elective.

Population Sciences (One Course)

  • PHLT 116: Introduction to U.S. Health System
  • PHLT 236: Health Care and Law
  • PHLT 216: Peer Health Advocacy (valid until spring 2022)
  • HIST 383W: Disease and Society
  • PM 412U: Survey Research (Prerequisite: PM 415)
  • PM 414U: History of Epidemiology (Prerequisite: PHLT 103)
  • PM 418U or PM 418W: Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Prerequisite: PHLT 103)
  • PM 424U or PM 424W: Chronic Disease Epidemiology (Prerequisite: PHLT 103)
  •  PM 451U或PM 451W:传染病流行病学(先决条件:PHLT 103或PM 415 & BST 463, or PM 401, or STAT 216 or equivalent)
  • PM 489U或PM 489W:伤害流行病学和急救护理方法(先决条件:PHLT 103)
  • PHLT 394E: Emergency Medicine Internship

Upper-Level Writing Requirement

学生将被要求注册本专业的两门高级写作课程, one of which is CTSC 299W: Research Seminar in Translational Sciences.

指定为(W)的课程具有满足澳门威尼斯人网上赌场课程高级写作要求的写作要求. Students would register for the “W” section. Registration in any “W” BIO course requires permission of the instructor. 对于每个PM (W)课程，报名参加写作部分的学生最多为5人.

Overlapping Major Courses

CTS专业的学生可以在CTS专业和其他专业之间最多选修三门课程. 入门STAT课程(STAT 212或STAT 180)不包括在课程重叠.

Transfer Credit

学生被允许(经CTS指导老师批准)使用最多三门转课程进入CTS专业.

Honors Program

多学科澳门威尼斯人网上赌场中心将邀请学生申请荣誉课程. Invitations are based on a 3.核心要求平均绩点7分(所有核心课程需要在大四秋季结束前完成)，并在完成专业要求的过程中取得进展.

收到邀请的学生需要向多学科澳门威尼斯人网上赌场中心正式申请参加荣誉课程. To graduate with honors in clinical and translation sciences, students must:

  • Complete the major
  • Complete at least one advanced course designated with (H)
  • 在专业要求的学分(大四秋季或春季学期CTS 393H)之外完成四个学分的独立学习
  • Have a cumulative grade-point average of at least a 3.7 in the major
  • 在指导老师的指导下完成一篇杰出的澳门威尼斯人网上赌场论文

*The thesis must be of at least A- quality. 学生的论文不符合这个最低标准将不会获得荣誉.

Distinction Program

This major will offer a distinction program in which the terms “distinction”, “high distinction”, and “highest distinction” will reflect the quality of performance. A GPA of at least 3.40 will qualify for “distinction”; a GPA of at least 3.60 will qualify for “high distinction”; and a GPA of at least 3.80 will qualify for “highest distinction”.